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Definition and Nature of Goodwill
A major part of the problem of accounting for goodwill is agreeing on a definition of the term itself.
In the 1880's, the first definition reflected goodwill as the difference between the purchase price and the book value of an acquired company's assets. Goodwill definition's have evolved since that time and may be defined in two different manners today:
The residuum approach and the excess profits approach
In the residuum approach, goodwill is defined as the difference between the purchase price and the fair market value of an acquired company's assets. Goodwill is an leftover amount that cannot be identified, after a thorough investigation, as any other tangible or intangible asset. This is very similar to the nineteenth century definition.
In the excess profits approach, goodwill is the difference between the combined company's profits over normal earnings for a similar business. Under this definition, the present value of the projected future excess earnings is determined and recorded as goodwill. This concept is very difficult to measure since future earnings have no certainty. Goodwill can arise in two different ways:
1) It can be internally generated or
2) it can be acquired as part of the acquisition of another company. Both types of goodwill have been recorded in the past. However, only acquired goodwill is currently allowed to be recorded.
Accounting Methods For Goodwill
The three qualitative characteristics most directly concerned with goodwill are reliability, prudence (not deliberate understatement) and consistency. Although much has been written on the problem of accounting for goodwill during the past century, a solution remains elusive. The treatment of goodwill has changed over the years. The four different methods of accounting for goodwill are discussed in the following paragraphs.
1. Write-off
Under this method, goodwill is immediately written off against an account in the stockholders' equity section, generally retained earnings. Advocates of this method argue that goodwill is not measurable and has no true future value. Thus, it should be written off against stockholders' equity.
Another rationale for this method is that overpayment for the assets of an acquired company represents the expectation of superior future earnings. Since these earnings eventually endup in the stockholders' equity, they can be offset against the excess acquisition payment.
Writing off goodwill immediately can lead to distorted results when tangible assets are undervalued allowing goodwill to be overstated. Even though there are some good arguments for write-off method, it appears that it was used because it was the easiest and most widely used and not because it was conceptually correct.
2. Capitalization
This approach's proponents argue that if goodwill is as important as asset as many beleive, it belongs on the balance sheet. One problem with capitalization of goodwill is determining the proper amount to capitalize. Current practice follows the residuum approach.
One way of correcting the misuse of goodwill is through the hidden assets approach. Under this approach, the excess purchase price that companies pay over fair market value of the assets is for assets that are hidden from the balance sheet. Hidden assets should be identified and recorded on the balance sheet, then amortized over their useful life. If they were, goodwill account would probably be much smaller than in current practice and financial statements would probably be more useful.
3. Non-Amortization
Capitalization of goodwill without amortization allows the most advantageous financial reporting figures. A company gets to record an asset instead of a decrease in stockholders' equity and net income is not periodically reduced. However, it probably would result in more abuse than any other method.
The rationale for non-amortization is premised on the notion that goodwill does not decrease in value. High managerial ability, good name and reputation, and excellent staff generally do not decrease in value but they increase in value. Goodwill could be viewed as an investment and should stay on the balance sheet unamortized. But, without amortization, abuse may occur, and the goodwill account will lose what limited significance it has now.
4. Amortization
Amortization enables companies to match the cost of intangible assets over the period deemed to benefit from their acquisition. Main arguments for amortization are the abuse of non-amortization and the unreliability of earnings without some attempt to recognize the impact. When amortization became required, the period for write-off became the focus. If the life of the asset is non determinable, which is normally the case with goodwill, amortization over a maximum of forty years should be used. This lengthy period was set to allow a minimum impact to the net income.
تعریف و طبیعی سرقفلی :
قسمت عمده مشکل توضیح دادن سرقفلی ، توافق برسر تعریف کردن سرقفلی است . در دهه 1880 ، در اولین تعریف ، به سرقفلی بعنوان تفاوت بین قیمت خرید و ارزش دفتری دارایی های کسب شده توسط شرکت نگریسته می شد . تعریف سرقفلی از آن زمان پدیدار شد وممکن است امروزه به دو شکل مختلف تعریف شود : روش باقیمانده و روش سود اضافی . در روش باقیمانده سرقفلی به عنوان تفاوت بین قیمت خرید و ارزش بازار مکاره دارایی های کسب شده شرکت تعریف می شود . سرقفلی یک مقدار باقیمانده است که نمی توان آن را شناسایی کرد (بعد از بررسی های کامل و دقیق مثل دیگر دارایی های قابل لمس و غیر قابل لمس نمی توان شناسایی اش کرد) . این امر بسیار شبیه تعریف قرن نوزدهم است . درروش سود اضافی ، سرقفلی تفاوت بین سودهای ترکیب شده شرکت در عایدی های نرمال برای یک کسب و کار مشابه می باشد . بر اساس این تعریف ، ارزش کنونی شرکت عایدی های برنامه ریزی اضافی آینده ، به عنوان سرقفلی تعیین می شود وثبت می گردد . اندازه گیری این مفهوم بسیار مشکل است زیرا عایدی های آینده ، امر مسلمی نیستند . سرقفلی از دو راه مختلف بوجود می آید : 1-می تواند از درون بوجود بیاید ، یا 2-می تواند به عنوان قسمتی
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