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Method of Measuring Intelligence
متد اندازه گیری هوش))
Measuring Intelligence
IQ tests
There are a number of different methods which purport to measure intelligence, the most famous of which is perhaps the IQ, or 'Intelligence Quotient' test. The 'Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale' began life in early 20th century Paris, as part of Alfred Binet’s efforts to educate children with learning difficulties. Those that obtained a score below their age were considered "retarded".
IQ is a 'psychometric' test, meaning it measures mental ability. However, defining intelligence is far from simple. There are two main schools of thought. The first believes in an inherited, genetically determined intellect that can be measured. The second group of psychologists believe in many intelligences, the development of which may be the result of our social background. They also think that measuring these intelligences is also problematic.
The modern day IQ test measures a variety of different types of ability such as verbal, mathematical, spatial, memory and reasoning. The test is then 'pre-tested' on a group of people representative of the wider population. Then it's graded so that the majority of people will be get between 90-110.
When graphed, this is a curve in the classic 'bell' shape where most people are distributed around the average intelligence (or intelligence score) and few people are at the extreme ends of low and high intelligence.
Clever celebritiesThe following famous people have a high IQ -Sir Jimmy Savile; journalist Garry Bushell; sci-fi writer Isaac Asimov; actress G eena Davis; MP Vincent Cable; footballers Andy Harris and Joey Beauchamp; TV presenters Carol Vordeman and Jamie The akston ; biologist Dr Jack Cohen; boxer Nicky Piper and swimmer Adrian Moor house.
Is IQ a good measure of intelligence?Whether IQ tests actually test general intelligence, or g, is debatable. Many see IQ tests as an assessment of an individual’s problem solving ability rather than general intelligence. However, they are not even a comprehensive test of someone's problem solving ability. Although they may assess analytical and verbal aptitude well, they aren't an accurate test of creativity, practical knowledge, and other skills involved in problem solving. So how can IQ tests be seen as a measure of intelligence? Some argue that they just show how good the individual is at IQ tests!
Alternative brain tests
Elementary cognitive tasksThese aim to link the psychological and physiological aspects of intelligence and determine the speed at which the brain works. They test responses to stimuli and involve tasks that become progressively more complicated. Researchers claim that there is a correlation between results from these and IQ tests.
Visual illusions'Psychophysics' is the physical study of psychological phenomena: how information from the senses is understood. Most research revolves around measuring people's ability to perform a visual task, then seeing how the brain reacts to that task. Visual illusions are particularly good for studying this area as illusions question our perception.
Is our intelligence changing?In an attempt to avoid a slant that favorites a particular culture, intelligence tests were devised that focused on mathematical and spatial skills rather than vocabulary. But even these tests are not exempt from cultural influences – increased use of video games improves spatial awareness and reaction time.
However, although we are gaining skills in some areas of intelligence, we are losing out in others, such as memory. So although this
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